Warbles of the Tree Squirrel Bot Fly




Larvae (also called 'bots') of cuterebrid bot flies, including the tree squirrel bot fly (Cuterebra emasculator Fitch, Diptera: Cuterebridae), spend several days within the body of their rodent (chipmunks, mice, rats, tree squirrels, voles, pocket gophers, etc.) or lagomorph (rabbits and hares) host before choosing a site under the animal's hide where they settle down to feed and complete their development. Here they make a hole in the host's skin, through which they breathe and excrete. The lump in the animal's skin caused by the growing bot is called a 'warble' and the opening in the animal's hide is referred to as the 'warble pore'. We denote the 'age' of a warble (e.g., 1-week-old) as the time since initial formation of the warble pore.

After a larva has chosen a subcutaneous site, it begins to cut through the animal's skin with its two pointed mouth hooks. This image shows blood on a gray squirrel's hide as the bot creates the warble pore. Note that some of the animal's fur is missing, due to scratching of the area by the squirrel.

The warble, one week after the larva has cut the warble pore, forms a moderately sized lump in the squirrel's skin, as shown in this image. Excrement from the larva, whose pale white posterior end is protruding naturally from the warble pore, and possibly host body fluid, mats the squirrel's fur.

During the second week, the warble expands considerably, tightly stretching the squirrel's skin. This 2-week-old warble protrudes prominently from the body of the squirrel.

During the third week of development, the warble continues to stretch the animal's skin as the larva within approaches its maximum size. In the lower portion of this image, the darkened posterior end of the nearly mature larva can be seen filling the pore of the 3-week-old warble. Two days after this photo was taken, the larva backed out of the warble and dropped to the ground, where it burrowed into the soil to pupate.

After a larva has exited its warble, the squirrel is left with a gaping warble pore, as seen in this image. However, healing generally occurs relatively rapidly; within about a week the size of the warble has decreased considerably and the warble pore has healed shut. Eventually, the swelling subsides and the animal's fur grows back, leaving little or no sign of the previous infestation.





      Frank Slansky & Lou Rea Kenyon // fslansky@ufl.edu
Version 1.2 (updated July 26, 2001)