common name: hairy maggot blow fly
scientific name: Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Introduction - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle - Medical and Economic Importance - Forensic Importance - Management - Selected References

Introduction

Insects in the family Calliphoridae are generally referred to as "blow flies" or "bottle flies". Blow flies can be found in almost every known terrestrial habitat, and they are found in association with human civilization throughout the world. In 1980 the immigrant species Chrysomya rufifacies was first recovered in the continental United States. This species is expected to increase its range in the United States.

Distribution

This species is now established in Southern California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. It is also found throughout Central America, Japan, India, and the remainder of the old world.

Description

Adults are robust flies metallic green in color with a distinct blue hue when viewed under bright sunlit conditions. The posterior margin of the abdominal tergites are a brilliant blue.

adult

The larvae is one of the "hairy maggots". They received this name because each body segment possesses a median row of fleshy tubercles which gives it a slightly hairy appearance although it does not possess any true hairs. The puparium is the hardened and shrunken outer skin of the mature maggot. The pupa develops entirely within this hardened shell which looks similar to a rat dropping or a cockroach egg case.

Life Cycle

The fly life cycle passes through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult. The eggs are approximately 1 mm long and are laid in a loose mass consisting of 50 to 200 eggs. Group oviposition by several females results in large masses of thousands of eggs that may completely cover a decomposing carcass. The eggs hatch in as little as eight hours (depending on air temperature) and the larvae feed on carrion until they reach maturity. Upon maturity, they migrate away from the carrion to search for a suitable pupation site. Pupation usually occurs within the first inch of topsoil or under leaf litter, rocks, or fallen limbs. During this time, the larval skin shrinks and hardens to form the puparium which is dark brown in color. This stage may last as long as 12 days; however, the adults can emerge in only seven to eight days depending on temperature. The adults can live up to six weeks.

Medical and Economic Importance

Although the true economic impact of the immigration of this species into the United States is not yet known, it is reported as a secondary "myiasis" producer in Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America. The economic damage generally associated with the presence of this fly species is the cutaneous myiasis commonly inflicted on livestock. In Australia it is known to strike sheep but it is a secondary invader and acts as a scavenger on necrotic tissue, and as a predator on other maggots. This species may be considered beneficial since it has been used successfully in the treatment of osteomyelitis and because it is considered a "predatory maggot". It voraciously consumes the larvae of other species, and even resorts to cannibalism when food resources are depleted.

Forensic Importance

This species is of particular importance in the southeastern, central, and southwestern portion of the United States as the adults are among the first insects to arrive at a fresh carcass in these areas. The adults usually arrive within the first 10 minutes after death as long as atmospheric conditions are favorable for activity. The larvae have a shorter development time than other species and their predaceous nature can alter entomological-based postmortem interval estimations, which are founded on the prey species.

Management

This species must have access to decomposing carrion or fetid meat (rotted meat) in order to complete its life cycle. Therefore, the proper removal of garbage and carcasses will disrupt the life cycle. The removal of vegetative refuse will reduce the annoyance of resident adult populations and risk of recontamination.

Insect Management Guide for filth-breeding flies
Insect Management Guide for livestock

Selected References

Author: Jason H. Byrd, University of Florida
Photographs: James Castner, University of Florida
Project Coordinator: Thomas R. Fasulo, University of Florida
Publication Number: EENY-23
Publication Date: January 1998
Copyright 1998 University of Florida

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